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By Gafarshod Minggu, 06 November 2016

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Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of predominantly spring perennial plants in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common titles including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted with a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The blooms are usually white or yellowish (orange or pink in garden kinds), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona.

Narcissus were well known in historic civilisation, both and botanically medicinally, but formally identified by Linnaeus in his Kinds Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally thought to have about ten sections with roughly 50 species. The true volume of varieties has mixed, depending on how they are categorised, thanks to similarity between hybridization and types. The genus arose some right amount of time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent regions of southwest Europe. The exact origin of the name Narcissus is mysterious, but it is often linked to a Greek word for intoxicated (narcotic) and the misconception of the junior of this name who fell in love with his own representation. The English phrase 'daffodil' is apparently produced from "asphodel", with which it was likened commonly.

The types are indigenous to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the European Mediterranean, the Iberian peninsula particularly. Both cultivated and wild plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced in to the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have grown to be extinct, while some are threatened by increasing tourism and urbanisation.

Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became ever more popular in Europe after the 16th hundred years and by the past due 19th century were an important commercial crop centred mostly on holland. Today narcissi are popular as chop blossoms and as ornamental vegetation in private and public gardens. The long history of breeding has resulted in a large number of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are grouped into divisions, covering an array of shapes and colours. Like other members of the family, narcissi produce a true number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal used in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in art work and books, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in several cultures, ranging from loss of life to fortune, and as icons of planting season. The daffodil is the national blossom of Wales and the symbol of tumor charities in many countries. The appearance of the outrageous flowers in spring is associated with celebrations in many places.

Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering with an underground storage light. They regrow in the next season from brown-skinned ovoid light bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach levels of 5-80 cm with regards to the species. Dwarf varieties such as N. asturiensis have a maximum elevation of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta may grow as high as 80 cm.

The plants are scapose, having an individual central leafless hollow blossom stem (scape). Several blue-green or green, thin, strap-shaped leaves arise from the light bulb. The seed stem bears a solitary flower, but occasionally a cluster of plants (umbel). The blooms, which can be conspicuous and white or yellowish usually, sometimes both or seldom renewable, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral tube above the ovary, then an external ring made up of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disk to conical shaped corona. The blooms may hang up down (pendent), or be erect. A couple of six pollen bearing stamens encompassing a central style. The ovary is substandard (below the floral parts) comprising three chambers (trilocular). The fruits involves a dried capsule that splits (dehisces) releasing numerous black seed products.

The bulb is situated dormant following the leaves and blossom stem die back again and has contractile origins that yank it down further into the soil. The bloom leaves and stem form in the bulb, to emerge the next season. Most varieties are dormant from warmer summer months to late winter, flowering in the spring and coil, though a few varieties are fall flowering.

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