Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of mainly spring perennial crops in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common labels including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some known members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by the cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The blooms are usually white or yellowish (orange or red in garden kinds), with either standard or contrasting colored tepals and corona.
Narcissus were well known in early civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally explained by Linnaeus in his Varieties Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten parts with about 50 species. The true variety of varieties has varied, depending on how they are classified, scheduled to similarity between varieties and hybridization. The genus arose some right time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent regions of southwest Europe. The precise source of the name Narcissus is mysterious, but it is associated with a Greek term for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own representation. The English word 'daffodil' appears to be produced from "asphodel", with which it was likened commonly.
The types are local to meadows and woods in southern European countries and North Africa with a center of diversity in the European Mediterranean, the Iberian peninsula particularly. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East before the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are insect-pollinated also. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, nematodes and mites. Some Narcissus species have grown to be extinct, while some are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the initial times, but became ever more popular in Europe following the 16th hundred years and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred mostly on holland. Narcissi are popular as trim flowers and since ornamental plants in private and open public gardens today. The long history of breeding has led to thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are categorised into divisions, covering a wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a true number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if ingested accidentally. This property has been exploited for medicinal used in traditional healing and has led to the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in books and artwork, narcissi are associated with a true number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to fortune, and as symbols of spring. The daffodil is the countrywide blossom of Wales and the symbol of cancer tumor charities in many countries. The appearance of the outrageous flowers in spring is associated with celebrations in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering to an underground storage light. They regrow in the next yr from brown-skinned ovoid light bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5-80 cm with respect to the species. Dwarf types such as N. asturiensis have a maximum elevation of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta might develop as extra tall as 80 cm.
The plant life are scapose, having an individual central leafless hollow flower stem (scape). Several blue-green or green, small, strap-shaped leaves happen from the bulb. The vegetable stem usually bears a solitary flower, but sometimes a cluster of blooms (umbel). The plants, which are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or seldom renewable, contain a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral pipe above the ovary, then an outer ring made up of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical designed corona. The flowers may suspend down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens surrounding a central style. The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The fruit contains a dried up capsule that splits (dehisces) liberating numerous black seed products.
The bulb is situated dormant after the leaves and blossom stem die back and has contractile root base that move it down further into the soil. The flower leaves and stem form in the light bulb, to emerge the next season. Most varieties are dormant from warmer summer months to late winter, flowering in the spring and coil, though a few types are fall flowering.
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