Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of predominantly spring perennial plants in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common labels including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some known members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by way of a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The plants are generally white or yellow (orange or red in garden kinds), with either even or contrasting coloured corona and tepals.
Narcissus were well known in ancient civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally detailed by Linnaeus in his Kinds Plantarum (1753). The genus is normally considered to have about ten sections with roughly 50 species. The amount of types has mixed, depending how they are classified, a consequence of to similarity between hybridization and types. The genus arose some right time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent regions of southwest Europe. The precise origins of the name Narcissus is mysterious, but it is often associated with a Greek term for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own representation. The English word 'daffodil' is apparently derived from "asphodel", with which it was commonly compared.
The types are indigenous to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the Traditional western Mediterranean, the Iberian peninsula particularly. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced in to the Far East before the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are insect-pollinated also. Known pests, disorders and diseases include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, nematodes and mites. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while some are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe following the 16th hundred years and by the later 19th century were an important commercial crop centred mostly on holland. Narcissi are popular as slash plants and as ornamental crops in private and general population gardens today. The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are grouped into divisions, covering a wide range of colours and shapes. Like other members with their family, narcissi create a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if ingested accidentally. This property has been exploited for medicinal used in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in literature and artwork, narcissi are associated with a true number of themes in various cultures, ranging from fatality to fortune, and as symbols of planting season. The daffodil is the national bloom of Wales and the symbol of tumor charities in many countries. The appearance of the wild flowers in springtime is associated with festivals in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying back again after flowering to an underground storage light. They regrow in the next season from brown-skinned ovoid lights with pronounced necks, and reach levels of 5-80 cm depending on species. Dwarf species such as N. asturiensis have a maximum level of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta may increase as large as 80 cm.
The vegetation are scapose, having a single central leafless hollow rose stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, thin, strap-shaped leaves happen from the bulb. The place stem usually bears a solitary flower, but occasionally a cluster of flowers (umbel). The blooms, that are conspicuous and white or yellow usually, sometimes both or hardly ever renewable, contain a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral tube above the ovary, then an outer ring made up of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical shaped corona. The plants may hang up down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens bordering a central style. The ovary is poor (below the floral parts) comprising three chambers (trilocular). The fruits involves a dry capsule that splits (dehisces) liberating numerous black seeds.
The bulb sits dormant after the leaves and bloom stem die back again and has contractile origins that move it down further in to the soil. The blossom leaves and stem form in the bulb, to emerge the following season. Most kinds are dormant from summertime to past due winter, flowering in the spring, though a few types are autumn flowering.
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