Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of predominantly spring perennial vegetation in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common labels including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are being used to describe all or some known members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by the cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The plants are generally white or yellow (orange or pink in garden types), with either even or contrasting colored tepals and corona.
Narcissus were popular in historical civilisation, both and botanically medicinally, but formally defined by Linnaeus in his Kinds Plantarum (1753). The genus is normally thought to have about ten sections with approximately 50 species. The true number of types has mixed, depending about how they are grouped, a consequence of to similarity between hybridization and kinds. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent regions of southwest Europe. The exact origins of the name Narcissus is unidentified, but it is linked to a Greek word for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the youth of this name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English phrase 'daffodil' is apparently produced from "asphodel", with which it was likened commonly.
The species are indigenous to meadows and woods in southern European countries and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both cultivated and wild plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are insect-pollinated also. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while some are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe following the 16th century and by the late 19th hundred years were an important commercial crop centred generally on the Netherlands. Narcissi are popular as lower flowers as ornamental crops in private and general population gardens today. The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are categorised into divisions, covering a wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of the family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if ingested accidentally. This property has been exploited for medicinal use within traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in art work and literature, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from loss of life to fortune, and as symbols of spring. The daffodil is the national blossom of Wales and the symbol of tumors charities in many countries. The appearance of the outdoors flowers in springtime is associated with celebrations in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering to an underground storage bulb. They regrow in the next time from brown-skinned ovoid bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach levels of 5-80 cm depending on species. Dwarf species such as N. asturiensis have a maximum height of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta may expand as extra tall as 80 cm.
The plants are scapose, having a single central leafless hollow bloom stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, small, strap-shaped leaves happen from the light. The vegetable stem usually bears a solitary bloom, but once in a while a cluster of blossoms (umbel). The bouquets, which are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or almost never renewable, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral pipe above the ovary, then an external ring made up of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disk to conical formed corona. The bouquets may suspend down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens encompassing a central style. The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The super fruit includes a dry capsule that splits (dehisces) launching numerous black seeds.
The bulb sits dormant after the leaves and blossom stem die back again and has contractile roots that yank it down further in to the soil. The bloom stem and leaves form in the bulb, to emerge the following season. Most types are dormant from summer season to later winter, flowering in the planting season, though a few kinds are autumn flowering.
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