Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of mostly spring perennial plants in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common labels including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The flowers are usually white or yellow (orange or pink in garden kinds), with either standard or contrasting colored corona and tepals.
Narcissus were well known in historic civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally described by Linnaeus in his Types Plantarum (1753). The genus is normally considered to have about ten sections with around 50 species. The amount of varieties has assorted, depending how they are classified, a consequence of to similarity between hybridization and kinds. The genus arose time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent regions of southwest Europe. The exact origins of the name Narcissus is unfamiliar, but it is linked to a Greek expression for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the young ones of this name who fell in love with his own representation. The English phrase 'daffodil' appears to be derived from "asphodel", with which it was commonly compared.
The varieties are local to meadows and woods in southern European countries and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the American Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both cultivated and wild plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are insect-pollinated also. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, nematodes and mites. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became ever more popular in Europe following the 16th hundred years and by the later 19th hundred years were an important commercial crop centred mainly on holland. Today narcissi are popular as lower plants and as ornamental crops in private and public gardens. The long history of breeding has led to a large number of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are grouped into divisions, covering an array of shapes and colours. Like other members of the family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if ingested accidentally. This property has been exploited for medicinal use within traditional healing and has led to the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with a true number of themes in several cultures, ranging from death to fortune, and as symbols of planting season. The daffodil is the nationwide bloom of Wales and the symbol of cancer charities in many countries. The looks of the crazy flowers in springtime is associated with festivals in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering to a underground storage light. They regrow in the following season from brown-skinned ovoid lights with pronounced necks, and reach levels of 5-80 cm depending on species. Dwarf types such as N. asturiensis have a maximum elevation of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta might expand as tall as 80 cm.
The plant life are scapose, having a single central leafless hollow blossom stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, narrow, strap-shaped leaves happen from the bulb. The plant stem usually bears a solitary rose, but once in a while a cluster of blooms (umbel). The plants, which can be conspicuous and white or yellow usually, both or rarely green sometimes, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral pipe above the ovary, then an external ring made up of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disk to conical shaped corona. The blooms may suspend down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens encompassing a central style. The ovary is substandard (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The fruits consists of a dried capsule that splits (dehisces) launching numerous black seed products.
The bulb lays dormant following the leaves and bloom stem die back and has contractile roots that yank it down further in to the soil. The bloom leaves and stem form in the light bulb, to emerge the next season. Most varieties are dormant from summer time to past due winter, flowering in the spring and coil, though a few varieties are fall flowering.
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