Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of mainly spring perennial crops in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common titles including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some known members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The flowers are usually white or yellowish (orange or red in garden kinds), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona.
Narcissus were popular in historic civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally described by Linnaeus in his Types Plantarum (1753). The genus is normally thought to have about ten sections with roughly 50 species. The number of varieties has varied, depending on how they are grouped, anticipated to similarity between varieties and hybridization. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The precise source of the name Narcissus is unidentified, but it is often associated with a Greek word for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English expression 'daffodil' is apparently produced from "asphodel", with which it was compared commonly.
The types are local to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a centre of variety in the American Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both cultivated and wild plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi have a tendency to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are insect-pollinated also. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, nematodes and mites. Some Narcissus species have grown to be extinct, while some are threatened by increasing tourism and urbanisation.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the initial times, but became ever more popular in Europe after the 16th hundred years and by the past due 19th hundred years were an important commercial crop centred primarily on holland. Today narcissi are popular as trim plants and since ornamental plants in private and general public gardens. The long history of breeding has led to thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are categorised into divisions, covering a variety of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi create a true number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use within traditional healing and has led to the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in books and art work, narcissi are associated with a true number of themes in several cultures, ranging from loss of life to good fortune, and as icons of spring. The daffodil is the countrywide bloom of Wales and the symbol of cancer tumor charities in many countries. The appearance of the wild flowers in springtime is associated with festivals in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering to the underground storage light. They regrow in the next 12 months from brown-skinned ovoid bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5-80 cm depending on the species. Dwarf types such as N. asturiensis have a maximum elevation of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta might develop as tall as 80 cm.
The plant life are scapose, having an individual central leafless hollow rose stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, slim, strap-shaped leaves come up from the light bulb. The plant stem bears a solitary blossom, but occasionally a cluster of blossoms (umbel). The blooms, that are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, both or almost never green sometimes, contain a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral pipe above the ovary, then an external ring composed of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disk to conical designed corona. The blossoms may hang up down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens encompassing a central style. The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The berries consists of a dried capsule that splits (dehisces) launching numerous black seed products.
The bulb lies dormant after the leaves and flower stem die back again and has contractile roots that draw it down further into the soil. The bloom leaves and stem form in the light bulb, to emerge the following season. Most varieties are dormant from summer season to past due winter, flowering in the planting season, though a few types are fall months flowering.
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