Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of mainly spring perennial plant life in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common labels including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are being used to describe all or some known members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted with a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The plants are generally white or yellowish (orange or green in garden types), with either uniform or contrasting coloured corona and tepals.
Narcissus were popular in old civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally defined by Linnaeus in his Varieties Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten areas with approximately 50 species. The true variety of types has mixed, depending about how they are categorised, due to similarity between kinds and hybridization. The genus arose some right amount of time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The precise origins of the true name Narcissus is unidentified, but it is linked to a Greek term for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the youth of this name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English word 'daffodil' appears to be produced from "asphodel", with which it was commonly compared.
The species are local to meadows and woods in southern European countries and North Africa with a middle of diversity in the American Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both cultivated and wild plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced in to the Far East before the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the initial times, but became increasingly popular in Europe following the 16th century and by the overdue 19th century were an important commercial crop centred generally on holland. Narcissi are popular as cut plants so that as ornamental plant life in private and open public gardens today. The long history of breeding has led to thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are categorised into divisions, covering a wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members with their family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if ingested inadvertently. This property has been exploited for medicinal used in traditional healing and has led to the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in skill and books, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from loss of life to good fortune, and as icons of spring and coil. The daffodil is the nationwide blossom of Wales and the icon of cancers charities in many countries. The appearance of the outrageous flowers in springtime is associated with celebrations in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering to a underground storage light. They regrow in the next season from brown-skinned ovoid bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5-80 cm depending on species. Dwarf species such as N. asturiensis have a maximum elevation of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta may expand as high as 80 cm.
The vegetation are scapose, having a single central leafless hollow rose stem (scape). Several blue-green or green, slim, strap-shaped leaves arise from the bulb. The seed stem bears a solitary bloom, but occasionally a cluster of flowers (umbel). The flowers, that are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, both or seldom inexperienced sometimes, contain a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral tube above the ovary, then an outer ring made up of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disk to conical molded corona. The blossoms may hang up down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens surrounding a central style. The ovary is poor (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The super fruit consists of a dried up capsule that splits (dehisces) releasing numerous black seeds.
The bulb sits dormant following the leaves and flower stem die back again and has contractile root base that pull it down further into the soil. The bloom leaves and stem form in the light, to emerge the following season. Most varieties are dormant from summer season to late winter, flowering in the springtime, though a few species are fall months flowering.
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