Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of predominantly spring perennial crops in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common titles including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some known members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The plants are generally white or yellow (orange or pink in garden kinds), with either uniform or contrasting colored corona and tepals.
Narcissus were well known in old civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally referred to by Linnaeus in his Kinds Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten portions with approximately 50 species. The amount of varieties has varied, depending about how they are categorized, due to similarity between species and hybridization. The genus arose some right time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent regions of southwest Europe. The exact source of the name Narcissus is unfamiliar, but it is often associated with a Greek word for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the children of this name who fell deeply in love with his own representation. The English term 'daffodil' is apparently derived from "asphodel", with which it was likened commonly.
The varieties are native to meadows and woods in southern European countries and North Africa with a centre of variety in the European Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both cultivated and wild plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced in to the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi have a tendency to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are insect-pollinated also. Known pests, disorders and diseases include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have grown to be extinct, while some are threatened by increasing tourism and urbanisation.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became ever more popular in Europe after the 16th century and by the late 19th hundred years were an important commercial crop centred generally on the Netherlands. Today narcissi are popular as trim blossoms so when ornamental plants in private and open public gardens. The long history of breeding has led to thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are categorized into divisions, covering an array of colours and shapes. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if ingested inadvertently. This property has been exploited for medicinal utilization in traditional healing and has led to the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in books and skill, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in several cultures, ranging from fatality to fortune, and as icons of springtime. The daffodil is the national flower of Wales and the mark of tumors charities in many countries. The looks of the crazy flowers in springtime is associated with celebrations in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying back after flowering to a underground storage bulb. They regrow in the next yr from brown-skinned ovoid lights with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5-80 cm with regards to the species. Dwarf varieties such as N. asturiensis have a maximum elevation of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta might grow as tall as 80 cm.
The plant life are scapose, having a single central leafless hollow blossom stem (scape). Several blue-green or green, small, strap-shaped leaves come up from the light. The flower stem bears a solitary blossom, but occasionally a cluster of flowers (umbel). The flowers, which can be usually conspicuous and white or yellowish, sometimes both or hardly ever green, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral pipe above the ovary, then an exterior ring composed of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical formed corona. The blooms may suspend down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens bordering a central style. The ovary is second-rate (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The super fruit contains a dried up capsule that splits (dehisces) liberating numerous black seed products.
The bulb is situated dormant after the leaves and blossom stem die back and has contractile roots that take it down further into the soil. The rose leaves and stem form in the light, to emerge the following season. Most varieties are dormant from summer time to late winter, flowering in the spring and coil, though a few species are autumn flowering.
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