Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of mainly spring perennial vegetation in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common labels including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are being used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by the cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The blossoms are usually white or yellowish (orange or red in garden types), with either standard or contrasting coloured corona and tepals.
Narcissus were well known in traditional civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally referred to by Linnaeus in his Types Plantarum (1753). The genus is normally thought to have about ten sections with about 50 species. The number of varieties has mixed, depending on how they are labeled, scheduled to similarity between kinds and hybridization. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent regions of southwest Europe. The exact origins of the name Narcissus is anonymous, but it is often associated with a Greek phrase for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the youth of this name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English expression 'daffodil' is apparently derived from "asphodel", with which it was commonly likened.
The varieties are local to meadows and woods in southern European countries and North Africa with a middle of variety in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were released into the Far East to the tenth hundred years prior. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while some are threatened by increasing tourism and urbanisation.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the initial times, but became ever more popular in Europe following the 16th hundred years and by the later 19th century were an important commercial crop centred mainly on holland. Narcissi are popular as chop flowers so that ornamental vegetation in private and general public gardens today. The long history of breeding has led to a large number of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are classified into divisions, covering an array of shapes and colours. Like other members of the family, narcissi produce a true number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if ingested unintentionally. This property has been exploited for medicinal use in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with a true number of themes in different cultures, ranging from fatality to good fortune, and as icons of spring. The daffodil is the countrywide bloom of Wales and the image of cancer charities in many countries. The looks of the crazy flowers in spring is associated with festivals in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering for an underground storage light. They regrow in the following 12 months from brown-skinned ovoid bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach levels of 5-80 cm depending on species. Dwarf varieties such as N. asturiensis have a maximum elevation of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta may develop as tall as 80 cm.
The plant life are scapose, having an individual central leafless hollow bloom stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, small, strap-shaped leaves come up from the light bulb. The flower stem usually bears a solitary rose, but occasionally a cluster of blooms (umbel). The plants, that are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or seldom inexperienced, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral pipe above the ovary, then an external ring made up of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical shaped corona. The bouquets may hang down (pendent), or be erect. A couple of six pollen bearing stamens adjoining a central style. The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The fruit contains a dried up capsule that splits (dehisces) releasing numerous black seeds.
The bulb sits dormant following the leaves and blossom stem die back and has contractile origins that draw it down further into the soil. The blossom leaves and stem form in the light, to emerge the following season. Most varieties are dormant from warmer summer months to late winter, flowering in the springtime, though a few kinds are fall months flowering.
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