Narcissus /n?:r's?s?s/ is a genus of predominantly spring perennial crops in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common titles including daffodil,[notes 1] daffadowndilly,[3] narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by way of a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The flowers are generally white or yellowish (orange or green in garden types), with either standard or contrasting colored corona and tepals.
Narcissus were well known in ancient civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally described by Linnaeus in his Varieties Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally thought to have about ten parts with about 50 species. The number of varieties has mixed, depending about how they are categorised, due to similarity between varieties and hybridization. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The exact source of the name Narcissus is mysterious, but it is often associated with a Greek term for intoxicated (narcotic) and the misconception of the children of that name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English expression 'daffodil' appears to be derived from "asphodel", with which it was commonly compared.
The types are indigenous to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a center of diversity in the American Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were presented in to the ASIA to the tenth hundred years prior. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, nematodes and mites. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the initial times, but became increasingly popular in Europe following the 16th century and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred generally on holland. Narcissi are popular as lower blooms so that as ornamental crops in private and public gardens today. The long history of breeding has led to thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are grouped into divisions, covering a wide range of colours and shapes. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a true number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use within traditional healing and has led to the production of galantamine for the treating Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in skill and books, narcissi are associated with a true number of themes in several cultures, ranging from loss of life to fortune, and as icons of spring and coil. The daffodil is the countrywide rose of Wales and the sign of cancer charities in many countries. The looks of the wild flowers in spring is associated with celebrations in many places.
Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, dying again after flowering to a underground storage light bulb. They regrow in the next year from brown-skinned ovoid lights with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5-80 cm with regards to the species. Dwarf types such as N. asturiensis have a maximum level of 5-8 cm, while Narcissus tazetta might grow as high as 80 cm.
The plant life are scapose, having a single central leafless hollow blossom stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, slim, strap-shaped leaves occur from the bulb. The place stem usually bears a solitary bloom, but sometimes a cluster of plants (umbel). The plants, which can be conspicuous and white or yellowish usually, sometimes both or rarely inexperienced, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral pipe above the ovary, then an external ring composed of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disk to conical formed corona. The flowers may suspend down (pendent), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens encompassing a central style. The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) comprising three chambers (trilocular). The berries involves a dried out capsule that splits (dehisces) releasing numerous black seeds.
The bulb sits dormant following the leaves and rose stem die back again and has contractile roots that draw it down further into the soil. The rose leaves and stem form in the light bulb, to emerge the following season. Most species are dormant from summertime to late winter, flowering in the springtime, though a few kinds are autumn flowering.
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